毛竹销（钉）的高速旋转摩擦焊接性能研究

选取毛竹销钉替代木榫在1 500 r/min的情况下与榉木基材进行旋转摩擦焊接，对其抗拉强度和焊接机理进行研究。重点研究不同形状的预钻孔和不同榫径与孔径比值下的竹销钉焊接抗拉拔强度，并将其与木榫焊接和PVAc胶接的抗拉强度进行对比。结果表明:1）当采用恒定直径孔10/9、10/8、10/7、10/6 4种榫径/孔径比的焊接强度均高于PVAc胶接强度，但低于木荷榫和榉木榫的焊接强度，其中10/8的榫径/孔径比的焊接强度相对最高，达到了5.54 MPa；2）当采用渐变直径孔，竹销钉的焊接强度得到明显提高。其中10/8-6的榫径/渐变孔径比值取得了最高的焊接强度，达到6.42 MPa，比10/8比值的强度提高了15.6%，超过了木荷榫的焊接强度，但不及榉木榫的焊接强度；通过对竹销钉的焊接界面温度进行监测，发现焊接界面能在2 s内达到300℃以上的峰值高温，且维持了一定的高温时间（通常约2～3 s），随后随着竹销停止旋转摩擦，温度逐步下降；不同的榫径与孔径比值下，焊接界面的升温速率、峰值温度和高温持续的时间不同，它们是产生强度差异的主要原因；SEM观察结果显示，竹销旋转摩擦焊接界面由竹销或基材中的胞间层物质软化、熔化和流动并与作为增强材料的竹纤维包裹，形成了犹如“钢筋水泥土”结构般的致密、连续和坚固的焊接界面；FTIR分析结果表明，摩擦产生的高温会导致竹销中半纤维素发生一定程度的降解，纤维素的降级十分有限，木质素发生一定程度的缩合反应，木质素的含量相对提高。试验结果表明，将竹销钉代替木榫用于木材的旋转摩擦焊接是可行的。     

Investigation of environmental and land use impacts in forested permafrost headwaters of the Selenga-Baikal river system,Mongolia - Effects on discharge,water quality and macroinvertebrate diversity

Headwater streams play a major role for provision of ecosystem services, e.g. drinking water. We investigated a high-altitude headwater catchment of the Kharaa River (including 41 1st-order rivers) to understand the impact of land cover (especially forest cover), environment and human usage on runoff, chemical water quality and macroinvertebrate fauna in a river basin under discontinuous permafrost conditions in an arid, sparsely populated region of Mongolia. To verify our hypotheses that different landuses and environmental impacts in permafrost headwaters influence water quality, we investigated 105 sampling sites, 37 of them at intermittent stream sections without water flow. Discharge was positively impacted by land cover types steppe, grassland and forest and negatively by shrubland, forest burnt by wild fires (indicating a reduction of permafrost) and slope. Water quality was affected by altitude, longitude and latitude, shrub growth and water temperature. Shannon diversity of macroinvertebrates was driven by water temperature, iron content of the water, flow velocity, and subbasin size (adjusted R² = 0.54). Sample plots clustered in three groups that differed in water chemistry, macroinvertebrate diversity, species composition and bio-indicators. Our study confirms that steppes and grasslands have a higher contribution to runoff than forests, forest cover has a positive impact on water quality, and diversity of macroinvertebrates is higher in sites with less nutrients and pollutants. The excellent ecological status of the upper reaches of the Kharaa is severely threatened by forest fires and human-induced climate change and urgently needs to be conserved.     

混播比例和施氮肥对箭筈豌豆/燕麦草地根系特性的影响

豆科和禾本科牧草混播是栽培草地的重要模式之一,能显著改善土壤,提升系统可持续生产能力。牧草根系是土壤有机质返还的重要来源,但混播草地中牧草根系特性的变化尚不清楚。以箭筈豌豆和燕麦草地为对象,研究了不同施氮肥水平和混播比例下其根生物量、根性状的变化。结果表明:1)混播比例和施氮肥对草地根生物量和根性状有显著交互作用,混播草地根生物量显著大于单播;与高氮肥处理相比,根生物量在低、中氮肥处理下更高;高氮肥对根长、比根长、根表面积和比根面积在植物生长前期表现为抑制作用,在生长后期随混播中箭筈豌豆比例的增大,抑制作用减轻。2)混播条件下土壤硝态氮含量大于单播,而土壤铵态氮含量仅在乳熟期时大于单播,且随混播中箭筈豌豆比例增大,矿质氮含量增加;施氮肥对0~30 cm土层中的矿质氮含量有显著影响,其含量在施氮肥100 kg·hm^-2下最高,不施肥下最小。3)根生物量与土壤硝态氮含量间显著正相关,根长、根表面积、根体积与土壤硝态氮含量间显著负相关。综上,混播中箭筈豌豆比例的增加有助于改善土壤矿质氮,优化混播草地根性状。     

Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes,but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists.The objectives of this study were(1)to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and(2)to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices.An inbred rice cultivar,Yinjingruanzhan,was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates(0,75,and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0,90,and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season)as main plots,three seedling densities(16.7,75.0,and 187.5 seedlings m−2)as subplots,and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou,China.Light intensity at base of canopy(Lb),light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio(R/FR),light transmission ratio(LTR),leaf area index(LAI),leaf N concentration(NLV)and final length of second internode(counted from soil surface upward)(FIL)were recorded.Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL.FIL was negatively correlated with Lb,LTR,and R/FR(P<0.01)and positively correlated with LAI(P<0.01),but not correlated with NLV(P>0.05).Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI(R2=0.82).Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL.We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage.NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes.N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy.Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.     

不同浓度NAA/6BA配比对不同品种甘薯茎尖培养特性的影响

为明确不同品种甘薯茎尖培养的最佳NAA/6BA配比,设置0.1 mg/L/2.5 mg/L、0.2 mg/L/2.5 mg/L、0.2 mg/L/1.0 mg/L 3组NAA/6BA浓度配比处理,观测不同浓度激素处理对‘北京553’、‘红香蕉’、‘苏薯8号’、‘烟薯25’、‘安吉芋’、‘济徐23’、‘渝紫7号’、‘商薯19’茎尖培养成苗率、愈伤组织直径、不定根数目、叶片数和植株高度的影响,同时调查不同品种试管苗的移栽成活率。结果表明,‘红香蕉’、‘济徐23’、‘渝紫7号’、‘商薯19’在0.1 mg/L/2.5 mg/L的处理下培养效率最高;‘安吉芋’在0.2 mg/L/2.5 mg/L的处理下培养效率最高;‘苏薯8号’、‘北京553’、‘烟薯25’在0.2 mg/L/1.0 mg/L的处理下培养效率最高。因此,在甘薯茎尖培养过程中,不同甘薯品种适宜的NAA/6BA配比存在显著差异,在实际生产中应根据品种特性来进行调整激素的用量和比例。     

旱地燕麦间作对土壤酶活性、微生物含量及产量的影响

本文通过研究内蒙古旱作区禾本科、豆科及茄科间作对土壤生物性状的影响，旨在揭示燕麦（Avena sativa Linn）与不同作物间作及其单作在土壤酶活性、微生物量及土地当量比（LER）等方面的优势机理。本试验设置燕麦、黑豆（Glycinemax（L.）merr）、苜蓿（Medicago sativa）、马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum L）单作和黑豆间作燕麦、苜蓿间作燕麦、马铃薯间作燕麦共7个处理，探讨各处理对上述各指标的影响。结果表明：燕麦间作黑豆土地当量比最高，2015年和2016年分别为1.62和1.65。燕麦间作黑豆土壤脲酶活性和蔗糖酶活性较苜蓿间作燕麦、马铃薯间作燕麦显著提高了5.00%~51.61%和5.73%~52.29%。2015年和2016年播种后75 d苜蓿间作燕麦土壤过氧化氢酶活性显著高于黑豆间作燕麦，分别提高了29.47%和40.56%。黑豆间作燕麦对比其他两间作处理土壤微生物的生物量碳、氮含量分别显著提高了2.70%~17.89%和11.36%~26.47%，土壤脲酶活性提高了1.51%~55.22%，蔗糖酶活性提高了5.73%~52.29%，是该地区最优的间作模式。     

秸秆还田对东北半干旱区玉米‖花生轮作系统土壤水热特性及作物产量的影响

以东北半干旱区玉米‖花生轮作系统为研究对象,试验设传统玉米单作、花生单作、不同秸秆还田量下(30%、60%和100%)玉米‖花生轮作5个处理。通过连续3年田间定位试验,研究玉米秸秆不同还田量对农田土壤水热特性、产量及土地当量比(LER)的影响。结果表明,与传统单作相比,秸秆还田处理玉米区播前0～40 cm土壤平均含水量提高了1.9%～3.9%,花生区提高了11.0%～13.9%;成熟期,秸秆还田花生区0:00～8:00平均地温比传统单作提高了0.2℃～1.1℃,10:00～22:00平均地温较传统单作降低了0.5℃～1.0℃。2016年和2017年玉米‖花生轮作系统LER为1.05～1.16,2018年各处理LER均小于1。吉林半干旱区玉米‖花生轮作系统进行秸秆还田改善了作物播前的土壤水分状况,但对于作物产量的影响在不同年份有所差异。     

浑善达克沙地杨树水分利用特征

为探究浑善达克沙地杨树的水分利用特征。本文利用氢和氧同位素示踪技术,测定了降雨、土壤水与地下水的δ18O值,利用多元线性混合模型定量计算了杨树对不同土层土壤水分的利用比例。结果表明:①浑善达克沙地大气降雨方程线为:δDLWML=7.84δ^18OLWML+9.12,斜率比全国降雨方程偏小,体现了研究区降雨少,蒸发大的气候特征;②土壤含水量与地下水位埋深、降雨量、植物生长期的变化有着显著的相关关系。降雨量较大与地下水位埋深较浅的时期,土壤含水量明显增大,在植物生长前期和中期,土壤含水量明显较低;③杨树在雨季,利用了大量的浅层土壤水(0~40 cm),在较为干旱的旱季,利用了大量的深层土壤(160~200 cm)水与少量的地下水。     

Responses of plant community to the linkages in plant-soil C:N:P stoichiometry during secondary succession of abandoned farmlands,China

Succession is one of the central themes of ecology;however,the relationship between aboveground plant communities and underground soils during secondary succession remains unclear.In this study,we investigated the composition of plant community,plant-soil C:N:P stoichiometry and their relationships during secondary succession after the abandonment of farmlands for 0,10,20,30,40 and 50 a in China,2016.Results showed that the composition of plant communities was most diverse in the farmlands after secondary succession for 20 and 50 a.Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents slightly decreased after secondary succession for 30 a,but both were significantly higher than those of control farmland(31.21%-139.10%and 24.24%-121.21%,respectively).Moreover,C:N ratios of soil and microbe greatly contributed to the changes in plant community composition during secondary succession of abandoned farmlands,explaining 35.70%of the total variation.Particularly,soil C:N ratio was significantly and positively related with the Shannon-Wiener index.This study provides the evidence of synchronous evolution between plant community and soil during secondary succession and C:N ratio is an important linkage between them.